{"id":16690,"date":"2022-07-15T12:02:22","date_gmt":"2022-07-15T10:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/when-and-who-discovered-histamine\/"},"modified":"2022-07-18T15:25:48","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T13:25:48","slug":"when-and-who-discovered-histamine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/en\/when-and-who-discovered-histamine\/","title":{"rendered":"When and who discovered histamine?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"16690\" class=\"elementor elementor-16690 elementor-16566\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c091d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c091d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30ab1f8e\" data-id=\"30ab1f8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cb40d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75cb40d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHistamine is a bioactive amine that is synthesized by decarboxylation of its precursor amino acid, histidine, in an enzymatic reaction first described by Windaus and Vogt in 1907.\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"558\" height=\"135\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-1.png\" class=\"wp-image-16578 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"558\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-16578\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-1.png 558w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-1-400x97.png 400w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-1-300x73.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption>\u00a0 Histamine synthesis by decarboxylation of its precursor amino acid\r\n\r\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\nThe name histamine comes from the Greek <em>histos<\/em> meaning tissue, because it is present in many body tissues.\r\n\r\nThe physiological and pathophysiological effects of histamine in the body were first described in 1910 by Dale and Laidlaw, two pioneering researchers who studied its functions at the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories (Dale HH, Laidlaw PP. 1910).\r\n\r\nHistamine is found throughout our body, although in higher concentrations in the lungs, skin and the gastrointestinal tract. It is synthesized and stored mainly in basophils and mast cells, and also in gastric enterochromaffin cells, lymph nodes and thymus (Panula P, et al. 2015).\r\n\r\nIt is involved in various immunological and physiological mechanisms: stimulating the secretion of gastric acid, in the process of inflammation, the contraction of smooth muscle cells, vasodilation and the production of cytokines, among others. (Maintz. L. 2007; Vlieg-Boerstra BJ. Et al. 2005).\r\n<h2>Histamine is a mediator of the neuro-immuno-endocrine system<\/h2>\r\nIn addition, it also functions as a neurotransmitter, being synthesized by neurons located in the posterior region of the hypothalamus whose axons extend throughout the brain. (Worm J, et al. 2019).\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-2.png\" class=\"wp-image-16586 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"471\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16586\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-2.png 423w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-2-300x213.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure>\r\nThe variability of its physiological effects is produced by the interaction with four different receptors: H1, H2, H3 and H4, which activate signal transduction pathways when perceiving histamine. (Panula P, et al. 2015).\r\n\r\n<strong>Two main metabolic pathways of histamine are known that involve two enzymes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Diamine oxidase (DAO)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Histamine-N-Methyltransferase (HNMT)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-3.png\" class=\"wp-image-16598 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"701\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16598\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-3.png 422w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-3-400x476.png 400w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-3-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption>Histamine metabolism in humans\r\n\r\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<h2>And when did your research with pathologies or diseases begin?<\/h2><p class=\"nar-resposta\">More than a hundred years ago. Since it was isolated in the early twentieth century, histamine was linked to allergies, inflammation and digestive disorders, and it became an object of clinical study. The first antihistamines for clinical use arrived some seventy years ago.<\/p>\r\nWell, over a hundred years ago. The first antihistamines to be put into clinical use were about 70 years ago.\r\n\r\nIn 1926, Harmer and Harris were the first scientists to describe the relationship between headache and histamine after providing an infusion of histamine in the study (Harmer IM, 1926).\r\n\r\nIn 1927 it was purified for the first time from human tissues.\r\n\r\nIn 1930, the scientist Pickering carried out a series of experimental studies. Although none of them were placebo controlled, histamine was further investigated for its ability to induce vascular headache. Histamine was shown to induce headache in a dose- and susceptibility-dependent manner, but there was great variability between them.\r\n\r\nResearcher Pickering proposed that the origin of histamine-related headache of vascular origin was due to vasodilation of the intracranial arteries and that the headache could arise through the trigeminal nerve (Pickering GW, 1933).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-4.png\" class=\"wp-image-16607 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"421\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16607\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-4.png 591w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-4-400x230.png 400w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/image-4-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption>Historical timeline of histamine and its receptors. Reprinted from (11) Copyright\u00a9 2011 with permission of Elsevier, J Allergy Clin Immunol\r\n\r\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\nThe study of the relationship between histamine and migraine has been investigated for many years and other scientists have analyzed how histamine could induce headaches.\r\n\r\nLater, Northfield injected histamine into the external and internal carotid arteries and concluded that the headache could originate from the internal carotid artery (Northfield&#8217;s DWC, 1938).\r\n\r\nVon Storch studied what could be the minimum doses of histamine to induce a headache in a person, however, he observed that they depended on the context, since those people who suffered from migraine and were selected in the study were much more susceptible to suffering headache induced by histamine delivery than subjects without migraines. (Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1940; 44:316\u2013322)\r\n\r\nTherefore, the oldest scientific literature demonstrates the relationship between histamines and headaches.\r\n\r\nTo this day, researchers continue to investigate endogenous mediators, including histamine, for their ability to generate migraine pain and other pathologies and diseases. (De Logu F, et al. 2019).\r\n\r\nIn addition, science advances and more and more studies are emerging where histamine is related as a mediator in different pathologies and diseases.\r\n\r\nAnother important piece of information observed in recent studies is that, depending on its location, the histamine present in the body is deaminated or methylated by the action of the enzymes DAO and\/or HNMT (histamine-N-methyltransferase), respectively. (Maintz, L. 2015)\r\n\r\nIt should be noted that the enzyme DAO is responsible for the degradation of extracellular histamine. This enzyme is mainly expressed in the small intestine, ascending colon, placenta, and kidneys.\r\n\r\nIn the intestine, DAO activity increases progressively from the duodenum to the ileum and is located mainly in the intestinal villi. (Eisenhans, B. 1999)\r\n\r\nDAO can also metabolize other biogenic amines such as putrescine and cadaverine. (Elmore Bo, et al. 2002).\r\n\r\nThe HNMT enzyme is expressed in various tissues and organs of our body, especially in the kidneys and liver, also in the spleen, colon, prostate, ovaries, spinal cord cells, trachea and respiratory tract . (Maintz, L. 2007).\r\n<h2><strong>The main route of entry into the body for histamine from food is the intestinal epithelium.<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nTherefore, although HNMT is also present in the gastrointestinal tract, it is the enzyme DAO that plays a major role in protecting the body against exogenous histamine, the one that comes from food. (Bohem T. et al. 2019; Mar\u0161avelski A, et al 2018).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c03125b elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c03125b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-387fb1d5\" data-id=\"387fb1d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c9622e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"20c9622e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.xeviverdaguer.com\/es\/cuando-te-pica-un-mosquito-te-deja-una-gran-mancha-roja-en-la-piel-dao\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi.png 400w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi-300x95.png 300w\" width=\"400\" height=\"126\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9223 lazyload\" alt=\"Logotipo del Institut de Psiconeuroimmunologia\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9223\" alt=\"Logotipo del Institut de Psiconeuroimmunologia\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi.png 400w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/inst_xevi-300x95.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b4e09cf\" data-id=\"1b4e09cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e362d1 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e362d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Anna-Nadal.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-16636 lazyload\" alt=\"\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Anna-Nadal.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-16636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Anna-Nadal.jpg 300w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Anna-Nadal-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/naturdao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Anna-Nadal-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Anna Nadal<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Physiotherapist and Postgraduate in PNIE<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Histamine is a bioactive amine that is synthesized by decarboxylation of its precursor amino acid, histidine, in an enzymatic reaction first described by Windaus and Vogt in 1907. \u00a0 Histamine synthesis by decarboxylation of its precursor amino acid The name histamine comes from the Greek histos meaning tissue, because it is present in many body [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":872,"featured_media":195999,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16690","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Histamine is a mediator of the neuro-immune-endocrine system, whose effects on our body were first described in 1910 by Dale and Laidlaw.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"google-site-verification\" content=\"googlec0b8607c1a0a6fdc.html\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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